Internal Combustion Engines | ICE-2022 |

This course studies the fundamentals of how the design and operation of internal combustion engines affect their performance, efficiency, fuel requirements, and environmental impact. Topics include fluid flow, thermodynamics, combustion, heat transfer, friction phenomena, and fuel properties, with reference to engine power, efficiency, and emissions. Students examine the design features and operating characteristics of different types of internal combustion engines: spark-ignition, diesel, stratified-charge, and mixed-cycle enginesCOURSE OUTLINEFundamentals of Internal Combustion EnginesEngine & Heat EngineComparison of Internal and External combustion enginesPros and Cons of Internal Combustion enginesEngine classification.Classification of the Basis of Cycle of OperationClassification of the Basis of Type of Fuel UsedClassification of the Basis of Method of ChargingClassification of the Basis of Type of IgnitionClassification of the Basis of Type of CoolingClassification of the Basis of Cylinder ArrangementBasic engine components of  IC EngineNomenclature of IC EngineFour-stroke Spark Ignition SI Engines (Gasoline or Otto) & P-V AND T-S Diagrams of Otto CycleFour-stroke Compression Ignition CI Engines (Diesel) & P-V AND T-S Diagrams of Diesel CycleComparison of four-stroke Spark Ignition SI and Compression Ignition CI EnginesInteractive learning of engine components and classificationApplication of IC and EC Engines.Comparison of Four-Stroke and Two-Stroke EnginesEngine performance parametersIndicated Thermal EfficiencyBrake Thermal EfficiencyMechanical EfficiencyVolumetric EfficiencyRelative EfficiencyMean Effective pressureMean piston speedSpecific Power OutputSpecific fuel consumptionFuel-air (?/?) or Air-fuel Ratio (?/?)Equivalence ratioCalorific ValueProblem-based learning of Engine measurement and testing (Numerical)Otto cycleDerivation for expressions of Thermal Efficiency, Work output, and MeanEffective Pressure of the Air Standard Otto cycleProblem-based learning of the Air Standard Otto cycle (Numerical)Diesel cycleDerivation for expressions of Thermal Efficiency, Work output and MeanEffective Pressure of the Air Standard Diesel cycleProblem-based learning of the Air Standard Diesel cycle (Numerical)Dual cycleDerivation for expressions of Thermal Efficiency, Work output and MeanEffective Pressure of the Air Standard Dual cycle.Problem-based learning of the Air Standard Dual cycle (Numerical)Comparison of Otto, Diesel, and Dual CyclesUnderstand the Brayton CycleHow to do soft calculations and plotting in excel for Solving NumericalWhy it is important to study types of fuels and their characteristics?Types of fuels (Solid, Liquid, and Gaseous Fuels)Chemical structure of PetroleumImportant qualities of SI engine fuelsVolatilityStarting & Warm-upOperating range performance:Crankcase DilutionVapor Lock Characteristics:Antiknock QualityGum DepositsSulphur ContentImportant qualities of CI engine fuelsKnock CharacteristicsVolatilityStarting CharacteristicsSmoking and OdourViscosityCorrosion and WearHandling EaseRating of SI & CI Engine FuelsThe calorific value of fuelWhy there is a need for alternate fuels?Alcohol as a fuelHydrogen as a fuelNatural gas as a fuelLPG as fuelCarburetor In Internal Combustion EnginesFactors Affecting CarburetionThe Engine SpeedVaporization Characteristics of the FuelThe temperature of Incoming AirDesignAir-Fuel Mixture RequirementsIdling/ StartingCruising/ Normal PowerMaximum Power/ AccelerationComponents of CarburetorFuel StrainerFloat ChamberFuel Discharge NozzleChoke ValveThrottle ValvePrinciple of CarburetionDeficiencies of the Elementary CarburetorUnderstand Modern Carburetor DesignCompensating DevicesAir Bleed JetCompensating JetEmulsion TubeTypes of Carburetor Based on Direction of FlowUp-draughtDown-draughtCross –draughtCalculation of air Fuel Ratio in CarburetorProblem-based learning of the Carburetor (Numerical)Mechanical Injection SystemsComparison between Carburetor and Mechanical Injection SystemsFunctional Requirements of Injection SystemsClassification of Injection SystemsAir Injection SystemSolid (Airless) Injection SystemMain Components and working of Mechanical Injection SystemsVarious Fuel Injection SystemsIndividual Pump and Nozzle SystemsUnit Injector SystemCommon Rail SystemDistributor SystemComparison of Various Fuel Injection SystemTypes of Pump in Fuel Injection SystemsFuel Feed PumpsInjection PumpsJerk Type PumpsDistributor Type PumpsInjection Pump GovernorMechanical GovernorPneumatic GovernorFuel Injector Assembly and its workingNozzle in Combustion ChamberFunctions of NozzleTypes of NozzlesSpray formation in Combustion ChamberQuantity of Fuel and Size of Nozzle OrificeInjection in SI Engines (Continued and Time Injection)Combustion Process and Combustion Chambers in IC EnginesIntroduction to CombustionCombustion Reactions and EquationsCalorific Valves & Homogenous mixture of air and fuel for CombustionCombustion in SI EnginesStages of Combustion in SI EnginesFlame Front PropagationFactors influencing the flame speed during CombustionTemperature and PressureEngine OutputEngine SpeedEngine SizePhenomena of Knock in SI EnginesEffects of Engine Variables on KnockingDensity FactorsTime FactorsComposition FactorsCombustion in CI EnginesStages of Combustion in CI EnginesIgnition Delay PeriodPeriod of Rapid / Uncontrolled CombustionPeriod of controlled CombustionFactors affecting the delay periodCompression RatioIntake TemperatureIntake PressureQuality of FuelsSpeedOutputAtomization and Duration of InjectionInjection TimingComparison between SI and CI Engine KnockingCharacteristics of tending to Reduce Detonation or KnockCombustion Chambers of SI and CI EnginesNumerical Problems Combustion and Combustion ChambersInternal Combustion Engine Emissions and ControlIntroduction to IC Engine EmissionsAir Pollution due to IC EngineEuro Norms / European Emission StandardsClassification of Engine EmissionsCauses of Hydrocarbon EmissionIncomplete CombustionCrevice Volumes and Flow in CrevicesLeakage past the Exhaust ValvesValve OverlapDeposits on WallsOil on Combustion Chamber WallsHC Emissions from SI and CI EnginesOther Types of Engine EmissionsCarbon Monoxide (CO) EmissionsOxides of Nitrogen (NOx) EmissionsPhotochemical SmogParticulates EmissionAldehydes and Lead EmissionOxides of Sulfur (SOx) EmissionsEngine Emissions ControlsModification in Engine Design & Operating ParametersCombustion Chamber ConfigurationLower Compression RatioModified Induction SystemIgnition TimingReduced Valve OverlapEmissions Control by Exhaust Gas OxidationThermal ConvertersCatalytic ConvertersExhaust Manifold ReactorExhaust Gas RecirculationParticulate TrapsCrankcase BlowbyEmission Control by Modification of FuelsLubrication and Lubrication Systems in IC EnginesIntroduction to LubricationLubrication and its FunctionsPhysical and Chemical Stability of LubricantProperties and Viscocity  of LubricantsFlash Point and Free Point TemperatureCloud Point and Pour Point TemperatureOiliness, Anti Corrosive and EmulsificationAdhesiveness, Film Strength & Specific GravityNeutralization NumberLubricating Oil AdditivesDetergentsDispersantsAnti-Wear AdditivesRust InhibitorsViscosity Index ImproversPour Point AdditivesAnti-Foaming AgentsAnti-OxidantsOiliness ImprovementType of LubricantsMineral OilsFatty OilsSynthetic OilsMulti-Grade OilsGreasesLubrication SystemsWet Sump Lubrication SystemDry Sump Lubrication SystemMist Lubrication SystemEngine Cooling Systems for IC EnginesThe necessity of Engine CoolingDemerits of Over CoolingGas Temperature VariationEffects of Operating Variables on Engine Heat TransferCompression RatioAir Fuel RatioIgnition TimingLoad and SpeedCooling SystemsAir-Cooling SystemsLiquid/Water Cooling Systems